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PKCE: What Can(Not) Be Protected
OAuth Code Flow
In Figure 1, we briefly introduce how the OAuth flow works on mobile apps and show show the reason why we do need PKCE.
In our example the user has two apps installed on the mobile phone: an Honest App and an Evil App. We assume that the Evil App is able to register the same handler as the Honest App and thus intercept messages sent to the Honest App. If you are more interested in this issue, you can find more information here [1].
![]() |
Figure 1: An example of the "authorization code interception" attack on mobile devices. |
- The Honest App could use a Web View browser. However, the current specification clearly advice to use the operating system's default browser and avoid the usage of Web Views [2]. In addition, Google does not allow the usage of Web View browser since August 2016 [3].
- Optionally, in step 5 the App can authenticate on the Authorization Server via client_id, client_secret. Since, Apps are public clients they do not have any protection mechanisms regarding the storage of this information. Thus, an attacker can easy get this information and add it to the Evil App.
Proof Key for Code Exchange - PKCE (RFC 7636)
![]() |
Figure 2: PKCE - RFC 7636 |
- The Honest App generates a random string called code_verifier
- The Honest App computes the code_challenge=SHA-256(code_verifier)
- The Honest App specifies the challenge_method=SHA256
Step 2: The Authorization Server receives the Auth Request and binds the code to the received code_challenge and challenge_method.
- Later in Step 5, the Authorzation Server expects to receive the code_verifier. By comparing the SHA-256(code_verifier) value with the recieved code_challenge, the Authorization Server verifies that the sender of the Auth Request ist the same as the sender of the code.
PKCE Bypass via App Impersonation
![]() |
Figure 3: Bypassing PKCE via the App Impersonation attack |
OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps
References
Christian Mainka (@CheariX)
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Cain And Abel
"Cain & Abel is a password recovery tool for Microsoft Operating Systems. It allows easy recovery of various kind of passwords by sniffing the network, cracking encrypted passwords using Dictionary, Brute-Force and Cryptanalysis attacks, recording VoIP conversations, decoding scrambled passwords, recovering wireless network keys, revealing password boxes, uncovering cached passwords and analyzing routing protocols. The program does not exploit any software vulnerabilities or bugs that could not be fixed with little effort. It covers some security aspects/weakness present in protocol's standards, authentication methods and caching mechanisms; its main purpose is the simplified recovery of passwords and credentials from various sources, however it also ships some "non standard" utilities for Microsoft Windows users." read more...
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Shellerator - Simple CLI Tool For The Generation Of Bind And Reverse Shells In Multiple Languages
Shellerator is a simple command-line tool aimed to help pentesters quickly generate one-liner reverse/bind shells in multiple languages (Bash, Powershell, Java, Python...). This project is inspired by Print-My-Shell. I just rewrote it and added some options and glitter to it. The lists of reverse and bind shells are not perfect yet. I'll work on this when I have the time to. I'll be happy to review pull requests too :)
Install
The install is pretty simple, just clone this git and install the requirements.
git clone https://github.com/ShutdownRepo/shellerator
pip3 install --user -r requirements.txt
Usage
Usage is dead simple too.
usage: shellerator.py [-h] [-b | -r] [-t TYPE] [-p LPORT] [-i LHOST]
Generate a bind/reverse shell
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-l, --list Print all the types of shells shellerator can generate
-b, --bind-shell Generate a bind shell (you connect to the target)
-r, --reverse-shell Generate a reverse shell (the target connects to you)(Default)
Bind shell options:
-t TYPE, --type TYPE Type of the shell to generate (Bash, Powershell, Java...)
-p LPORT, --port LPORT Listener Port
Reverse shell options:
-t TYPE, --type TYPE Type of the shell to generate (Bash, Powershell, Java...)
-i LHOST, --ip LHOST Listener IP address
-p LPORT, --port LPORT Listener Port
Without CLI menus
If you already know what type of shell you want to generate and don't have time to select the language in the beautiful CLI menu, you can set it with the appropriate
-t
(or --type
) option.python3 shellerator.py [-r | -b] -t/--type bash -i/--ip 192.168.56.1 -p/--port 1337
To-Do List
Things to add
Here are some things to add that I have in mind, I'll work on that asap
- Add bindshells
- Add encrypted shells and separate them from bind/rev ?
- Add some kind of option to help user get info on how to improve shell/tty (rlwrap, stty, ConPty (cf. PayloadsAllTheThings))
Sources
Shells mostly come from the following links
- https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Methodology%20and%20Resources/Reverse%20Shell%20Cheatsheet.md
- http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/shells/reverse-shell-cheat-sheet
- https://www.hackingtutorials.org/networking/hacking-netcat-part-2-bind-reverse-shells/
- https://ashr.net/bind/and/reverse/shell/cheatsheet/windows/and/linux.aspx
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